This is expressed by the phrase " off mass shell ".
2.
The propagator typically has singularities on the mass shell.
3.
Multi particle productions cancels on mass shell.
4.
Physicists refer to that by stating that virtual particles are not constrained to their mass shell.
5.
In the Feynman diagram interpretation of the theory, these are known as " virtual photons ", and are distinguished by propagating off the mass shell.
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A flat spacetime inside a rotating mass shell is possible if the shell is allowed to deviate from a precisely spherical shape and the mass density inside the shell is allowed to vary.
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Relativistic second order wave equations for any-j are then straightforwardly obtained in first identifying the ?" sector in in ( ) by means of the Lorentz projector in ( ) and then imposing on the result the mass shell condition.
8.
The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum; in Einstein notation with metric signature ( +, , , ) and units where the speed of light " c " = 1, as p ^ \ mu p _ \ mu \ equiv p ^ 2 = m ^ 2.
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